The Cold War
By Mitchell Garvey, Matt Parker, Eduardo Perez, Aline Saffran & Zack Shaban
Introduction
After Germany surrendered in 1945, World War II in Europe ended which left Germany's capital Berlin in ruins. The Allies (victors); US, France, UK and the Soviet Union decided to split all of Germany into four zones, each controlled by one of the four countries. The same happened with Berlin. This division of Germany lead to many problems between each country. The US, France and UK's sections all became capitalist and democratic, while the Soviet Union's became a communist dictatorship. Arguments about Berlin and how it should be governed started in 1948. It was mostly because Berlin was in the Soviet Part of Germany and it happened to be surrounded by capitalism.
All of the Western nations concluded that they should have automatic admittance to the capital city. The Soviet Union; being stubborn decided on April 1 to block all the routes in and out of East Germany. The Allies fought back by sending planes with food and supplies into West Berlin for 462 straight days (newsum.org). Finally in 1949 the Soviet Union ended the blockade.
Other problems arose; West and East Germany each had their own governments and in the 1950's the West and East gap continued to grow. Rebuilding in West Berlin and West Germany began to flourish; leaving East Germany with little food and housing available. So around 3 million (newsum.org) people left East Germany during that time and the communist government in 1961 put up the Berlin Wall, due to East Germany's mass civilian abandonment.
The Four Zones Of Berlin
NATO
The Soviet Union was spreading communism throughout the world and the United States and Canada became concerned about their national security. A group of several nations decided to form an alliance to deter the Soviets from attacking them. The agreement stated that if any of the member countries were attacked that the others would step in to help. This was called the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and included Belgium, Britain, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxemburg, The Netherlands, Norway, Portugal and the United States. The Soviets rebuked and made the Warsaw Pact, which included Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the Soviet Union. Yugoslavia, which was also communist, rejected the pact. With the powers involving more and more countries an arms race developed. By the 1950’s both sides developed hydrogen bombs, which were more powerful than the ones used to end WWII, both sides also had enough nuclear power to destroy each other several times over. By the 80’s both sides had enough weapons to kill all humans. NATO has survived throughout the years and because of it some of the countries committed troops to Afghanistan to fight the war on terror.
The Korean War
When WWII ended and the Japanese finally surrendered the allies were faced with the problem of what to do with Korea, which had been taken over by the Japanese during the war. The allies decided to divide Korea in a similar way as Germany had been divided; this meant that Korea was split up into two parts at the 38th parallel, the north governed by the communist Russians, and the south, which was governed by the United States. The Russians transformed North Korea into a communist government.
The North Koreans felt that they needed to spread communism and make it so that all of Korea was communist. Due to the need of communism to spread on June 25 1950 North Korea invaded South Korea with the help of China, which was also communist. The world reacted quickly and the United Nations ordered North Korea to stop Hostilities, when they did not comply with what the UN was demanding USA president Truman ordered that the navy and air force support South Korea by any means possible. The UN encouraged other members to give support to South Korea, which was in effect a declaration of war.
Canada was always supportive of South Korea but did not send any reinforcement, this was for several reasons; the first and most significant was that after WWII Canadas forces were lessened to a force with peacetime strength. Also the forces that were trained were only trained to defend the country and werent fit to go overseas, and lastly the far east had never been an area of great importance to Canada. Though Canadian forces were not ready for battle they made up for it extremely quickly and the first aid came on July 12, 1950.
The war went back and forth for the most part with both sides winning and losing territory. The war finally ended with a cease-fire on July 27, 1953. 26,791 Canadians served in the Korean War, and 7,000 more served between 1953 and 1955 to help keep the peace, all together 490,000 died in the war out of these 1,558 were Canadian.
Korean War Timeline
NORAD Agreement
NORAD which is the North American Aerospace Defense Command. The Noard Agreement is a bi-national United States and Canadian oraganization chared with missions of aerospace warning for North America. They also deal with Aerospace control for North America. The Aerospace Warning includes stuff like monitoring of man made objects in space, and the detection,and warning of attack against North America by aircraft, missiles, or space vehicles. NORAD is forced to change its format to meet the demands of the ever changing world. Noard started on May 12 1958 and was formed to protect Canada and the United staes from bomb attack from Russia and other countries. At the time Russia and the United States had their hands on the red buttons ready at any time to send bombs that could destroy cities at each other. NORAD help Keep Canada and the United States keep their countries safe by giving each other useful information. NORAD is still alive and very strong today. Most of you will know NORAD from their annual Santa watch where they show you where Santa is on christmas eve.
The Distant Early Warning (DEW) Line
The Distant Early Warning (DEW) Line began on 15 February 1954 when President Eisenhower signed the bill approving the construction. It originated out of fear of soviet attack to North American soil. It was a line of powerful and revolutionary radar stations that were placed in the far northern arctic region of Canada, as well as in parts of Alaska and Greenland and Iceland. They were made to seek out and locate Soviet Bombers but could locate a variety of different enemies. The system was upgraded several times but eventually became too outdated and was taken down in 1996.
The Avro Arrow: cancelled
In the 1950's Canada had just bought a British company and re-named it Avro Canada. In 1957 Canada revealed the first all Canadian made supersonic jet interceptor on october 4th, 1957, called the Avro Arrow. it was devoloped in Malton, Ontario. It was a technically advanced fighter jet that could reach speeds of mach 2. But shortly after the release of the Avro Arrow, in 1959 President Diefenbaker scrapped the making of the Avro Arrow in order to make U.S. Bomarc missiles to launch nuclear Warheads. Over 30,000 Canadians lost their jobs due to this. The decision to cancel the Avro Arrow means $400 million wasted tax dollars and during the Diefenbaker years unemployment grew and the economy slowed down. The U.S. Bomarc missiles were almost completely useless in Canada because they weren't allowed to carry nuclear warheads, only if needed. This reduced the effectiveness and purpose of making these Bomarc missiles but it provided the Canadian Government a measure of control.
Avro Arrow's First Flight, 1958
Igor Gouzenko: Spy scandal
Igor Gouzenko was a Canadian spy in 1943 for the Soviet Union. He was stationed in Ottawa and one of his biggest accomplishments was that he stole the secrets about the atomic bomb. In 1945 Igor decided to defect Canada when he heard his family was being sent back the Soviet Union. He made a decision to give Canada files about the Soviet Spy's that infiltrated them. In return for the files Gouzenko wanted Canada to promise him protection. At first Igor was not taken seriously by the Canadian government. Canada then found out the files were real. They convicted 18 of the 39 names that were given. When the Soviet Union heard that Igor Gouzenko gave Canada those files they tried to kidnap Igor. When Canada heard about the Soviets kidnapping him they took action as promised to Igor Gouzenko. This is how the Cold War started.
Igor Gouzenko went on after the war with a new identity. In 1948 Igor decided to make a memoir called “This Was My Choice". As well Gouzenko wrote another novel called "Fall of the Titan". "Fall of the Titan" won the Governor General's Award in 1954. Igor had a reputation as the guy with the white mask. This was because every time he would go for an interview or on TV he would wear a white mask over his face. Sadly in 1982 Igor Gouzenko passed away by natural causes at the age of 63.
The Aloutte I
Launched on September 29, 1962 (asc - csa.gc.ca); the Aloutte I made Canada the third nation up in space. This famous satellite was the initiate for the "most progressive" (asc - csa.gc.ca) outer space mission during that era.
The development of the Aloutte I was a result of an American invitation from the newly formed NASA in 1958. NASA wanted to have an "international collaboration" (asc - csa.gc.ca) because its satellite program was advancing rapidly. So, John Chapman and Eldin Warren; who at the time were scientist working for Canada's Defence and Research Telecommunications Establishment (DTRE) (asc - csa.gc.ca) , took up this request and sent a design proposal that had a drawing of a satellite that could observe the ionosphere from outer space. NASA accepted the proposal and the DTRE team started building.
After three and a half years of many engineering, design and construction problems, the 145 kg (asc - csa.gc.ca) satellite was finally finished. The newly named Aloutte I satellite was then flow to California, where it was launched from the Pacific Missile Range (asc - csa.gc.ca) at 2:06 Am (asc - csa.gc.ca). After it was launched, the Aloutte 1 was 1000 km (asc - csa.gc.ca) above the Earth and soon after that was studying the ionosphere. The satellite was a complete success!
Following the creation and success of the Aloutte I, The United States and Canada signed an agreement that allowed more satellites to be launched under a new space program called the International Satellites for Ionospheric Studies (ISIS) (asc - csa.gc.ca). Under the program more satellites were created to further study the ionosphere.
The 1972 Summit Series
The 1972 Summit Series was much more then hockey games between Canada and Russia. There was more to it than just amazing goals and big hits. The bad blood between these two countries had finally hit its breaking point during this 1972 Summit Series. The Series was a big deal not just for hockey fans but for everyone in their respected countries, the problem between these two countries started at the end of WW2 when the Cold War broke out. The games were a classic battle in between skill vs. force. The story within the story for this series was the battle for dominance between Canada's democracy government and Russians communist government. This battle of who had the better system of government was a huge reason why even people who didn’t like hockey watched. In the brutal series Canada pulled out a game 8 victory to win the game and the series. Paul Henderson's overtime series winning goal was the goal known as the goal heard around the world.
Paul Henderson's game winning goal!
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The Fall of the Berlin Wall
The Berlin Wall was put up on August 13, 1961 (Facts at your Finger Tips: Cold War) and the 3.7 metre (Facts at your Finger Tips: Cold War) high concrete barrier that was 97 km long (Facts at your Finger Tips: Cold War) represented the political conflicts between East and West Germany and their unique ways of life. The wall did not only separate Germany, but it also divided the communist governments of Eastern Europe (Soviet Union) and the democracies of Western Europe (UK and France) and the United States.
In 1989, Hungary along with Austria decided to open up its borders to West Germany. In East Germany, Anti - government protests broke out and finally on November 9, the people won. During the weekend (November 10 and 11) the East German government opened its borders to the rest of Germany, giving their citizens the right to visit West Germany. The whole world watched through the television in amazement Germany celebrated.
The End of the Cold War
In the mid 1980's the Soviet Union's economy was at its breaking point because they had over spent their money on military supplies. Many citizens wanted to end the "one - party system" (Canada Face of a Nation pg 351), so that they could have greater political and economic freedoms for their country. Boris Yeltsin, the Moscow Party Chief decided to ban the Communist Party; as well he took away all their property. He then created the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) (Canada Face of a Nation pg 351). These newly formed states had also banned the Communist Party because they had no reasons to fight with the West any more. Finally after 45 years the Cold War was over and the Soviet Union "ceased to exist" (History: 1945 to the Cold War, Morris).
Glasnost and Perestroika policies
The Soviet Union's leader at time Milkhail Gorbachev had successfully created a good relation with the West, but he struggled at home. He only followed these two main policies the Perestroika and the Glasnost. The Perestroika was the "reshaping of the Soviet economy to allow more profit making by individuals and to reduce control by the government." (The Fall of the Berlin Wall: The Cold War Ends, Kelly) and the Glasnost meant "more openness about government policies would be allowed, and corruption among government officials would end." (The Fall of the Berlin Wall: The Cold War Ends, Kelly) Unfortunately these policies were nothing like traditional Soviet communists policies, but it did lead the people of the Soviet Union to believe that greater changes could be easily handled by the government. The country still ended up in turmoil because many people criticized the Soviet Leader's ideas.
Soviet Sputnik
On October 1957, the Soviet Union launched a space satellite called Sputnik I. It all started in 1952 when the International Council of Scientific Unions decided to make July 1st, 1957-December 31st, 1958, International Geophysical year in order to map the Earth’s surface using artificial satellites.It was a satellite 58 cm in diameter, weighed 183 lbs, was not visible from Earth and it took 98 minutes to orbit the Earth. Sputnik was the world’s first artificial satellite.
To the Americans, the capability of launching a satellite meant the capability of launching missies and the Americans took this as a threat. So the U.S defence Department approved funding for another U.S. satellite project. They simultaneously worked on an alternate to vanguard and the explorer projects while working on funding a satellite.
Red Scare
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The Diefenbunker
Secretly built between the years of “1959 and 1961" (pc.gc.ca) right outside of Ottawa in a town called Carp, Ontario. This concrete building was created and designed to protect the Canadian government at the time from a nuclear attack.
The bunk, nicknamed after Prime Minister John G. Diefenbaker, was ordered to be built on "August 21, 1958" (pc.gc.ca) by the Prime Minister himself. The “Central Emergency Government Headquarters” (pc.gc.ca) was the bunkers original name before it was ever called the “Diefenbunker” (pc.gc.ca). It was a “four – story, 30 480 m²” (pc.gc.ca) underground bomb shelter and even though its construction was supposed to be a huge secret. Diefenbaker had to confess to the rest of Canada the government did indeed build a “nuclear fallout shelter” (pc.gc.ca) for Canada’s leaders.
The bunker was designed to hold around “535” (pc.gc.ca) people with “30 days” (pc.gc.ca) worth of supplies to survive off of. It was built with “29 248 m³” (pc.gc.ca) of concrete and “5,000 tonnes” (pc.gc.ca) of steel. Surrounding the building was a “1, 52 m” (pc.gc.ca) layer of gravel which was supposed to take in shocks from explosions. The entrance to the bunker was at the “right angle midway down an open ended tunnel” (pc.gc.ca). With this design, any above – ground explosions would pass through the tunnel without affecting the “double air lock doors” (pc.gc.ca) at the buildings front.
The bunker had many things inside of it, like a CBC radio stations which provided the important connection to the Canadian public. As well there was a weather station, built to track wind patterns and to take any “radioactive” (pc.gc.ca) readings that were possibly outside. Kitchens, bathrooms, food and waste storage, office spaces, sleeping quarters, a hospital and even a morgue were built in the bunker. But before entering the building, people had to go into a “decontamination room” (pc.gc.ca) that had “radiac” (pc.gc.ca) equipment, showers and “lead lined clothing disposal bins” (pc.gc.ca).
Luckily the bunker was never used during the Cold war; although the Diefenbaker government did think about using it during the “Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962” (pc.gc.ca). However it is still used today as a “communications centre” (pc.gc.ca) for the Canadian Armed Forces and in 1994, the bunk was declared to be a “National Historic Site” (pc.gc.ca) and it is said to be “the most important surviving Cold War site in Canada.” (pc.gc.ca)
The Diefenbunker under construction
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May 31, 2010
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