Photography has, over recent years, become more digitized. Digital cameras and digital photography have become the norm rather than the exception. This offers many advantages, as many improvements can be made to a photography once it has been taken. Many purists may think that this takes from the art of photography itself. However, many others believe it adds a whole new dimension to photographic art. There are challenges associated with digital photography as well, because many things that enter the camera cannot be adequately transferred to a computer and then to printed-paper. However, few can argue that the convenience of having the ability to take a picture, delete it if unsuccessful, and then manipulate it if it is just too good to discard, is a development that is quite welcome in the world of photography.
Bitmap Images: Bitmap images are created by using a grid of pixels to represent the colors in an image such as a photograph or complex drawing. By allowing each pixel to represent a particular color, the image is more specific; therefore, bitmap images lend themselves well to photography. The contrary image, the vector image, assigns a start point and end point and allows all the in-betweens to be filled in. This is used primarily in shapes and non-specific images.
Brightness: Brightness in a digital photograph is achieved by a combination of the input of brightness from the outside source as well as the equipment in the camera and how it is distributed and stored. The sensor in the camera is sensitive to a range of brightness and tonal values, and the light that comes in through the lens is translated to these ranges. Furthermore, the output of the camera has a range of tonal and brightness values, as well, that it is capable of storing and presenting in a photograph as brightness. Digital photography uses JPEG images, and these images have their own curves and translations when printed on paper with ink that limits their ability to interpret the information given. Therefore, the brightness and tonal values of a photograph may not be an entirely accurate portrayal of the original image that was being photographed when it finally makes its way to paper.
Brandymore Castle: Dynamic Range
CMYK: The initials CMYK stand for Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, and Key (or Black), the inks used to print images onto paper. The colors cyan, magenta, and yellow act as filters for red, green, and blue light, due to the fact that ink is absorbed into the paper. The colors can be filtered in varying degrees in relation to the shades that need to be produced. The key color, or black, is added because true black cannot be created using cyan, magenta, and yellow.
CMYK Image: An image is actually a combination of “channels” for each color, built upon each other, somewhat like a sandwich, to create the finished product. Each color has its own channel. In the case of a CMYK image, there is a separate channel for cyan, magenta, yellow, and black. Each of these is placed upon each other to create the image.
Understanding Channels In Photoshop | Photoshop Articles
Color correction: Color correction can be achieved through the use of a color corrector filter, and this uses three controllers; the blacks, the whites, and the mids. The black controller adjusts the darkest parts of the picture, the white the lightest parts of the picture, and the mids everything in between. Through the use of these three controllers, and by adjusting the degree of color in each of the areas, the correct tones and shades can be achieved.
Color Correction/Finishing in FCP 4
Color proof: A color proof is produced prior to printing of the final product due to the inconsistencies in ink and paper absorption of the color.
Color separation: Color separation is the act of separating the different layers of color (CMYK, or cyan, magenta, yellow, and black) from a photograph. Each layer added to, or taken from, an image will change the image accordingly.
Molecular Expressions: Physics of Light and Color - Color Separation:
Continuous-tone image: A continuous tone image has shades of grey or color that is unbroken by dots. However, in order for such an image to be printed onto paper, the image has to be translated into dots.
Digital Imaging Tutorial - Conversion
Contrast: Contrast describes the difference between the colors in the pixels that are next to each other in a photograph.
DCS (Desktop Color Separation): DCS is a data file that was created to produce color separation in desktop publishing systems. This is done in five different files: a low-resolution file that can be viewed in full color, and four other separate files that contain each of the process colors (cyan, magenta, yellow, and black).
DPI: When referring to digital photography, DPI stands for dots per inch, and it is corresponds with the number of halftone dots per linear inch of image. The more halftone dots per inch, or the more pixels per inch, the higher the resolution of the picture.
Laser Light Photographics and Printmaking
Four-color process printing: Four inks are used in four-color process printing: cyan, magenta, yellow, and black. The inks are transparent enough that, when they overlap on paper, the person viewing the image sees a primary color. The black is used due to the fact that pure black cannot be achieved by adding or subtracting from one of these minus colors.
Grayscale image: A grayscale image refers to an image, or photograph, that only contains shades of gray within it. Less information is needed in each pixel for a grayscale image; therefore, it is differentiated from a RGB image or CMYK image.
Grayscale Images - Computer Vision Primer
Halftone: A halftone is a converted image that has been changed from a continuous tone image to one of solid dots. This gives the impression of a continuous tone image by using dots very closely placed together.
Halftones and Resolution Basics
Highlight: One can adjust the highlights in a digital image by accentuating the darker areas in an image to show greater details in those areas of a photograph.
Hue: Hue is the main characteristic of a color, or the distinguishing color from another. For instance, there are various shades of green or blue, but each is still green or blue. Green and blue are the hues.
Color Principles - Hue, Saturation, and Value
Image resolution: There are two definitions for resolution: pixel resolution and embedded resolution. Pixel resolution refers to the size of the image on the hard drive, or byte-size of the image in a fixed one-to-one grid. Embedded resolution is a map of how far apart to place pixels when printing. This will determine how grainy the image is. If the resolution is higher, the pixel count is higher, and the image will be clearer.
JPEG: This term stands for “Joint Photographic Experts Group”, the committee that created the JPEG format for imaging. It is actually a compression algorithm used for photographs and paintings when transferring the images to a computerized image.
LPI: The abbrevation LPI stands for “Lines Per Inch” and is used to measure resolution by counting the number of dots, or pixels on a line, per inch.
Luminance: Luminance measures how much light is reflected from a particular area of an image. It will determine the brighter areas of a photograph.
Moire pattern: This refers to the lines, in a grid-like pattern, that appear on a scanned image. It is caused by interference between the scanner samples and the halftone screen, two separate grids.
Pixel: In simplest form, a pixel is a single point in an image represented by a dot or square. It stands for “picture element,” or, literally, a piece of a picture. Pixels are arranged on a two-dimensional grid and can be colored or grayscale. When many pixels are placed on the grid and are viewed next to one another, an image is formed.
Image pixels and how they relate to digital images
PICT: Apple Macintosh introduced this graphics file format to interchange graphics and text support between MAC applications.
PPI: The abbreviation stands for “pixels per inch” and refers to the number of pixels that are contained in a one-inch square grid of an image. The higher the numbers of pixels, the more clear the image. This is also often referred to as “pixel density.”
Edit Your Digital Photos - » What is PPI??
Printer resolution: Whereas image resolution is measured by the number of pixels in an image, printer resolution must be measured by ink droplets corresponding to those pixels. A printer will have the ability to drop only so many ink droplets so far apart to create an image, and this will be the printer resolution. A printed image may not be as clear as an image seen on the screen of the computer monitor for this reason.
Printer Resolution versus Image Resolution
Process colors: Process colors are percentages of cyan, magenta, yellow, and black. When one varies the percentages in each of these colors, there are thousands of color possibilities.
Graphics - spot vs. process color
Resample: The command “resample” is used in graphics software to increase or decrease the size and resolution of an image by adding or subtracting the number of pixels. This usually causes a poorer quality of an image.
Resolution: The resolution refers to the clarity of an image. This is achieved using the number of dots per inch, or line, in an image. In a computerized image, it will refer to the use of pixels; in a printed image, it will refer to ink drops.
RGB: The letters RGB represent “red, green, and blue,” and are considered a color model. The colors red, green, and blue are added together in many ways to create many different colors.
Saturation: The saturation of a color is the difference against itself, or the amount of color present. The higher the saturation is, the more intense the color appears.
Screen Angle: The term, when used in offset printing, refers to the colors being output on separate plates. These plates are put at particular angles, and failure to have those angles correct can cause the print to have an unsatisfactory result.
Screen and Offset Printing Guidelines
Screen frequency: The number of lines per inch in a halftone screen is referred to as screen frequency.
Shadow: The darkest part of an image is referred to as the shadow. One can change the look of an image by adjusting the shadows.
Grokking the GIMP - Learning Advanced Image Editing Techniques
Thumbnails: Thumbnails are representations of pictures on a smaller scale. They are used to recognize and organize photos when it is not necessary to see the smaller details of a photograph. They are used primarily in an index.
Thumbnails | creating small thumbnail versions of images
TIFF: This is the abbreviation for “Tagged Image File Format,” and it is used to store images in Adobe systems formats. It is useful in both photographic and linear images.
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